Effect of Feed on the Mineral Composition of Labeo Rohita

tack together of take to the woods on the Mineral Composition of Labeo RohitaKhalid Javed Iqbal*1, Muhammad Ashraf1, Arshad Javid2, Farzana Abbas1, Muhammad Hafeez-ur-Rehman1, Fayyaz Rasool1, Noor Khan1 , Sumaira Abbas1 and Muhammad Altaf 2ABSTRACTStudies were conducted to evaluate the effect of plant- angle meal consume and/or plant by-product ground feed on minerals composition of Labeo rohita. Fish fed on rice polish alone served as rule (T0). Feed ingredients were assemblyed together with cardinal ingredients in each(prenominal) test diet which served as an independent trial during these studies. Group 1(T1) contained guar meal and canola meal, group 2(T2) soybean meal and cotton seed meal, group 3(T3) guar meal and cotton seed meal, group 4(T4) soybean meal and canola meal and group 5(T5) look formeal and canola meal. separately group including control had two replicates. 12 ear accordingly ponds with uniform area of 0.03 ha each, were randomly stocked with 100 angle (average charge 200 g) in each fol beginninging standard stocking protocols. All the 12 ponds were then randomly allotted to individual treatment including control group. Experimental search were fed 4% of their wet biomass twice a day. Minerals specifically Na, Ca, Fe, Zn, and Cu substantially differed (P0.05) among treatments which might be linked with their variable release in digestive system of fish in the presence of various anti-nutritional factors.Key Words fishmeal soybean meal canola meal Ca Na.INTRODUCTIONFish is rich in animal protein, low in cholesterol and high in unsaturated fatty acids (Kromhout et al., 1995 Zenebe et al., 1998a Arts et al., 2001 Fawole et al., 2007) and due its these peculiar qualities is like over red meats (Sadiku and Oladimeji, 1991 Mozaffarian et al., 2003 Foran et al., 2005). Nutritional tincture of fish is however, not uniform and varies a lot among different fish species even within species when agricultured under environments and diffe rent culture systems. Among herbivorous fish varieties Labeo rohita is preferred among consumers due to its typical taste and texture and among culturists due to growth, hardiness and wide range feeding habits. That is the reason that it is dominant fish in current fish cultural practices (Khan et al., 2004 Hussain et al., 2011 FAO, 2000 Chaudhuri et al., 1974).Other than nutritional competencies the fish is an important economic source, and its culture is rapidly growing not only in developing countries but in developed contraries too (Delgado et al., 2002 Louka et al., 2004). The success of fish culture depends on availability and selection of appropriate diets that are proficiently digested, are cost effective and reserve the necessary nutrients for optimal growth (Mokolensang et al., 2003). Improvement and selection of appropriate feed ingredients has pronounced effect on the nutritional values, fish growth and its adjunct qualities (Shioya et al., 2011 Yang et al., 2011). mone tary value effective quality feed has pivotal persona in fish production and has always been a constraint in the expansion of fish culture and in sustained development of aquaculture industry. It determines growth, flesh composition, especially lipid, mineral content of produced fish and ultimately market response (Izquierdo et al., 2003 Rasmussen, 2001).Among other nutrients minerals also has an important role and contribute to the growth of fish being an integral components of many enzymes affect metabolic process (Glover and Hogstrand, 2002). Several minerals are required for proper development and normal achievement of organisms bodily functions as Ca is necessary element for the bone development (Erkan and Ozden, 2007) and Ca, Mg, Na and K, are involved in cellular metabolism which are usually found in higher quantities in biological tissues (Wagner and Boman, 2003). Zn is well known to be involved in most metabolic pathways in plants and animals (Hambidge, 2000). Copper, i ron and manganese are essential for maintenance of normal growth and reproduction (Turkmen et al., 2005 Roy and Lall, 2006). Fish is a major source of Fe (Fraga, 2005) which is involved in blood synthesis in liver (Wagner and Boman, 2003), is an integral component of oxygen carrying protein from lungs to the tissues (Wagner and Boman, 2003 Camara et al., 2005). Mn is required in minute quantities on daily creation for better health and growth in humans and its deficiency may result in nervous system disorder (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004). holding in view all the above mentioned concerns the present interpret is planned to find out the effect of plant-fishmeal feed and/or plant by-product based feed on minerals profile of Labeo rohita.MATERIALS AND METHODSExperimental site and study trialsThis common chord month study was conducted in earthen ponds of the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus Pattoki, victimization juvenile Labeo rohita as an experimental animal.Experimental designStudies were designed following Completely Randomized Design (CRD). There were 5 treatments and a control with two replicates in each group and whole trial was managed in 12 ponds. 100 juveniles of Labeo rohita having mean body weight of 200g were randomly stocked in each pond (0.03 ha) and then all these ponds were arbitrarily distributed among 5 treatments and a control. Five experimental diets pertaining to each treatment, by proportionate ratio of the two feed ingredients was hold at 11 i.e. (T1) guar meal and canola meal, (T2) soybean meal and cotton seed meal, (T3) guar meal and cotton seed meal, (T4) soybean meal and canola meal, (T5) fishmeal and canola meal and a control diet (T0) i.e. rice polish with two replicates in each. Fish were regularly fed 4% of wet body weight twice a day.Proximate analytic thinkingFeed proximate analysis was analyzed by using Bchi NIR Technology (Bchi NI RFlex N-500) Feed were dried and finally ground in pestle and mortar and then placed in prover cups. The cups were placed in Bchi NIR gondola for two minutes which then displayed a complete proximate analysis report which was saved for future use (Table 1).Table 1 Proximate analysis of feed combinationsMineral analysisWell ground 0.5 g sample was taken in conical flask which 10 ml HNO3 was added in. Mixture was then boiled for 15 minutes at 60 0C and then 5 ml perchloric acid was added and boiled it again for another 15 minutes at 60 0C. Sample flask was then placed on hot plate and heated till sample volume reduced to 1 ml. This sample was diluted to 100 ml by addition of distilled water. Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) were measured by flame photometric method while calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and magnesium (Mg) were determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.Statistical analysisThe data generated during the course of this trial from various sources was analyzed by one way ANOVA using SAS software to determine the significance of various treatment groups. Difference among various means obtained from computation of treatment data sets was compared by Duncans Multiple Range Test to indentify the presence of variations. Probability level for these tests was fixed at P0.05.RESULTSMineral composition of Labeo rohita showed statistically strong (P 0.05) differences in Na, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu content while non-significant in K and Mg. Significantly higher Na (27.4000.98 ppm) was observed in fish fed on T2 and the lowest (18.055.30 ppm) in T4, similarly significantly higher Ca content was observed in fish fed on T5 (14.2450.09 ppm) while the lowest in T3 (10.5150.09 ppm), significantly higher Fe content was recorded for fish fed on T5 (5.9600.87 ppm) while the lowest in T4 (1.9100.14 ppm), significantly higher (0.8150.09 ppm) and disdain (0.4700.04 ppm) Zn contents were observed in T1 and T2. Higher Cu concentrations were recorded i n fish fed on T3 (0.0450.01 ppm) and cut in fish fed on T0 (0.0150.01 ppm), higher values of K was observed on T2 (68.55023.97 ppm) while lower for T3 (53.1002.82 ppm), maximum Mg values were observed for T1 (3.2700.11 ppm) and minimum for T2 (2.9150.10 ppm) (Table -2).Table 2 Effect of feed on mineral composition of Labeo rohitaDISCUSSIONIn present study mineral composition of Labeo rohita showed significant (P 0.05) variation in Na, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu content in different treatments. Statistically significantly higher Na, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu were observed in fish were observed in T2, T5, T5, T1, T3 while non-significantly higher K and Mg were observed in T2 and T1 respectively. Contrary to our study Khan et al. (2012) observed non-significant variations in mineral content in major carps reared in mono and polyculture systems. likewise Luczynska et al. (2009) also observed non-significant differences in fishes having different feeding niches. During present study significantly higher Na was observed in fish fed T2 and lower in fish fed wit T4. Comparatively higher Na concentrations were observed in marine fish by Pirestani et al. (2009). Significantly higher Ca was observed in fish fed on T5 and lower for fish fed on T3. Our findings are in line with Babalola, et al. (2011) who observed significant variations in concentration of Ca among different commercial fish species of Nigeria.Significantly higher Fe content was observed in fish fed on T5 and lower in fish fed on T4 during present analysis. Mean Fe values were observed within the ranges given by Pirestani et al. (2009) in C. carpio. Babalola et al. (2011) observed non significant differences in Fe content among different commercial fishes of Nigeria. Significantly higher Zn was determined in fish fed with T1 while lower on T2 during present study. Contrary to our study Stezycka et al. (2003) observed higher Zn content in non-predatory fishes and marine fish species (Pirestani et al., 2009). During present s tudy significantly higher Cu concentration was determined in fish, fed on T3 while lower for T0 diet. Contrary to our study Pirestani et al. (2009) observed higher Cu concentrations in fish hoard from South Caspian Sea. During present analysis higher Mg concentrations were observed in fish fed on T1 while lower for T2 diets. Our findings confirm Babalola et al. (2011) who observed non-significant differences in Mg content among different commercial fishes of Nigeria. Contrary to our observations Pirestani et al. (2009) found significantly higher Mg content in different commercial fishes of Nigeria. During present study higher K values were determined for fish fed on T2 while lower for T3. Contrary to our study significantly higher K contents were recorded in different commercial fishes of Nigeria (Pirestani et al. 2009), freshwater fish species (Achionye-Nzeh et al. 2011) and commercial fishes of Sudan (Mohamed et al. 2010).REFERENCESAchionye-Nzeh C. G., Adedoyin O. M., Oyebanji, S ., and Mohammed M.O., 2011, Mineral composition of several(prenominal) marine and freshwater fishes. 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